Major maxillofacial surgery is of course rare, and only concerns young subjects with very severe sleep apnea who have refused treatment with positive nocturnal ventilation.
These are essentially :
- Maxillo-mandibular advancement surgery derived from orthognathic techniques
- Cervical or transoral resection of the base of the tongue
- Pacemaker-type lingual nerve stimulators are currently the subject of very interesting research, but are not yet common practice.