There are major maxillofacial interventions which are obviously rarely indicated and only concern young subjects with very severe sleep apnea syndrome who have refused treatment by nocturnal positive airway pressure ventilation.
This essentially involves:
- Maxillomandibular advancement surgery derived from orthognathic techniques
- Resection of the base of the tongue via cervical or transoral approach
- Pacemaker-type lingual nerve stimulators are currently a very promising avenue of research but are not yet in common practice
